Balanced Justice Project

The BJP tracks all first-degree murders, capital sexual batteries, and human trafficking cases in Florida. We collate information to provide empirical evidence essential to developing a better criminal justice system. Our data is coded to provide descriptive statistics and run statistics models that allow us to make predictions such as the likelihood the death penalty will be sought and received. We review the application of the law to provide the legal community with a comparative proportionality analysis to help ensure that people and cases are treated equally, as required under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

Being in the heart of FIU’s campus, the Balanced Justice Project brings together students, practitioners and scholars to incorporate cross-disciplinary perspectives to provide a holistic approach to the criminal justice system. Together, we share our expertise and resources to inform FIU’s educational programs and train the next generation of criminal justice practitioners.

We provide internships, pro bono and clinical placements as well as mentorship and training. We are creating a career pathway for filmmakers, investigators, journalists, lawyers, psychologists, social workers and anyone wanting to work in the criminal justice system with a focus on mitigation and restoration. The Balanced Justice Project ensures that the future generations will benefit from real-life experience via experiential learning which will benefit the community by increasing greater engagement with the issues and growing a better criminal justice system.

The Balanced Justice Project is committed to developing an accessible career path for people from a diverse background and skill set including and especially, those with personal experience from being involved in the system. The project includes members of the team who are licensed to train private investigators via the formal internship program required in Florida. We also provide assistance and consultation to those already in the field practicing. For example, we help with legal research, litigation strategy, motion practice, identification of experts, plea negotiations, jury selection and securing pro bono lawyers. Whilst our services include assistance on the question of guilt, we prioritize defense victim outreach and sentencing issues in cases involving juveniles charged as adults, foreign nationals, and the death penalty and lengthy sentences. We are also sure to disseminate information to key stakeholders and the wider community so to continue to raise awareness and inform policy.

Mitigation, in its everyday use, means to make something less harmful. In the criminal justice system, its classical interpretation is to reduce a penalty or sentence. In death penalty cases, it is the evidence given to a jury as a reason to vote for a sentence of life without parole instead of a death sentence.

Mitigation evidence is identified by conducting a multi-generational investigation of the history of a client’s life. A failure to investigate and present this evidence renders attorneys ineffective in violation of the right to legal representation under the Sixth Amendment fair trial and Fourteenth Amendment due process clauses of the US Constitution. To meet constitutional standards, a single death penalty mitigation investigation can require hundreds or even thousands of hours of work devoted to gathering records, identifying and locating witnesses, and developing the relationships of trust required to conduct sensitive mitigation interviews.

Mitigation investigations become even more complex when the client is a foreign national or the case has an international dimension. BJP is cultivating the rich, diverse range of backgrounds and varied skillsets, required by the law to make informed decisions about the appropriate sentence.

The Balanced Justice Project seeks to infuse the criminal justice system with restorative justice practices. Restorative justice is a centuries-old concept that draws from the practices of indigenous peoples around the world. Rather than focus on which punishment should be inflicted for the breaking of rule or law, restorative practices prioritize who has been harmed and how to address the needs or responsibilities of all of those involved: the victim-survivor, the person who committed the harm and our community. In other words, it balances the roles and needs of everyone impacted by crime to put things as right as possible.

All too often those of us who are impacted by a crime and those of us who have committed a crime are artificially segregated by an administratively complex adversarial system. Social science studies frequently indicate that the lack of opportunity for an individual being tried to take accountability for their actions (often on their advice of their attorney) and participation of those harmed by the crime leads to unanswered questions, a lack of closure and a strong sense of injustice. There is also increasing evidence that restorative practices can ameliorate serious deficiencies in the current criminal justice system and at a fraction of the cost.

Some examples of restorative practices include “victim-survivor-offender-family-community” dialogues or restorative circles, defense victim-survivor outreach, reparative boards, community courts and truth/reconciliation commissions. The Balanced Justice Project is committed to identifying opportunities in our current system that will benefit from restorative practices, with a current focus on increasing the provisions of dialogues, circles and defense victim-survivor outreach in the field.

The Balanced Justice Project also believes Mitigation (discussed above) is restorative. Whilst it is a formal legal mechanism, unlike traditional restorative practices, that provides decision-makers with critical information to reduce harm for those who have committed a crime, it also provides answers to questions commonly asked by those impacted by the harm. By telling the story of those of us who committed the harm, a greater understanding of how and why the harm came to be is almost always obtained. It also provides an opportunity for the person who committed the harm to process and take accountability for their actions. This promotes healing and prevention, and ultimately, a better world for us to thrive in.

The Impact of Hurst on Florida's Death Row

In January 2016, Florida’s capital sentencing scheme was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court (SCOTUS) in Hurst v. Florida. Since this time, the law has fluctuated from requiringseven (pre-2016) to ten (2016) to twelve (2017) to eight jurors (2023) to recommend death and enable a Judge to sentence a person to death in Florida. Over the years, the Florida Supreme Court grappled with litigation that sought to determine the retroactiveapplication of the legal change. In other words, should the people already on Florida death row having been sentenced to death under the old scheme be entitled to a new trial?

The answer was yes provided the error harmful (i.e. jury voted 12-0 for death, the person waived a jury or post-conviction proceedings) and the death sentences were not regarded as final: A posture which refers to the date on which SCOTUS denies cert and/or affirms the death sentence (or the expiration of the time line in which an individual is required to file for cert which is 90 days from the Florida Supreme Court’s decision) in the direct review stage of the appeal process that follows a death sentence (Mullens v. State, Asay v. State, Mosley v. State and Silva v. State).

The result? The Balanced Justice Project’s research is ongoing but since 2017, as of August 2025:

• 146 people had their death sentences vacated and were granted a new penalty phase trial.
• 129 people did not have their death sentences vacated and were not granted a new trial despite having a less than unanimous jury recommendation for death.
• 89 people have been resentenced to life without the possibility of parole (with another three receiving a lesser alternative due to exceptional circumstances), 70% of whom were not retried because theState waived the death penalty.
• 23 people were resentenced to death.
• 21 people are waiting trial.

For more information, please see Hurricane Florida: the Hot and Cold Fronts of America's Most Active Death Row and the project’s collaboration with the Death Penalty Information Center: Hurst v. Florida.

Geographical Variances in the Use of the Death Penalty Across Florida

The Florida Center for Capital Representation’s research on first degree murders revealed a geographical variance of the application of the death penalty across the State. For more information, read Columbia Human Rights Law Review's Issue 51.3.

Jury Unanimity in Death Sentences

The Florida Center for Capital Representation commissioned Public Policy Polling to conduct a survey of Florida Registered Voters during the first week of February 2016. The objective was to ascertain public sentiment regarding the necessity of unanimous jury decision prior to someone being sentenced to death. The findings of the survey indicate that the majority of the community strongly supports requiring juries in death penalty cases to make a unanimous decision before deciding to sentence a person to death. The survey also asked questions regarding public support for the death penalty.

View survey results

Public Preference for Life over Death

In the 2016, the survey commissioned by the Florida Center for Capital Representation demonstrated that the majority of the public who were asked about their views regarding the punishment for people convicted of murder prefer a life over death sentence, with a small minority electing life with the possibility of parole.

View survey results